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Open-source hardware

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Open-source hardware (OSH, OSHW) consists of physical <a href="Artifact_(software_development)" title="Artifact (software development)">artifacts</a> of technology designed and offered by the <a href="Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">open-design movement</a>. Both <a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> (FOSS) and open-source hardware are created by this <a href="Open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source">open-source culture</a> movement and apply a like concept to a variety of components. It is sometimes, thus, referred to as free and open-source hardware (FOSH), meaning that the design is easily available ("open") and that it can be used, modified and shared freely ("free"). The term usually means that information about the hardware is easily discerned so that others can make it – coupling it closely to the <a href="Maker_culture" title="Maker culture">maker movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Hardware design (i.e. mechanical drawings, <a href="Circuit_diagram" title="Circuit diagram">schematics</a>, <a href="Bills_of_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Bills of material">bills of material</a>, <a href="Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">PCB</a> layout data, <a href="Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">HDL</a> source code<a href="#cite_note-freehw-2">[2]</a> and <a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> layout data), in addition to the software that <a href="Device_driver" title="Device driver">drives</a> the hardware, are all released under free/<a href="Libre_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Libre content">libre</a> terms. The original sharer gains feedback and potentially improvements on the design from the FOSH community. There is now significant evidence that such sharing can drive a high <a href="Return_on_investment" title="Return on investment">return on investment</a> for the scientific community.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>

It is not enough to merely use an <a href="Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">open-source license</a>; an open source product or project will follow open source principles, such as <a href="Modular_design" title="Modular design">modular design</a> and <a href="Social_collaboration" title="Social collaboration">community collaboration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

Since the rise of reconfigurable <a href="Programmable_logic_device" title="Programmable logic device">programmable logic devices</a>, sharing of logic designs has been a form of open-source hardware. Instead of the schematics, <a href="Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">hardware description language</a> (HDL) code is shared. HDL descriptions are commonly used to set up <a href="System-on-a-chip" class="mw-redirect" title="System-on-a-chip">system-on-a-chip</a> systems either in <a href="Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">field-programmable gate arrays</a> (FPGA) or directly in <a href="Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">application-specific integrated circuit</a> (ASIC) designs. HDL modules, when distributed, are called <a href="Semiconductor_intellectual_property_core" title="Semiconductor intellectual property core">semiconductor intellectual property cores</a>, also known as IP cores.

Open-source hardware also helps alleviate the issue of <a href="Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">proprietary device drivers</a> for the free and open-source software community, however, it is not a pre-requisite for it, and should not be confused with the concept of open documentation for proprietary hardware, which is already sufficient for writing FLOSS device drivers and complete operating systems.<a href="#cite_note-opencon06-docs-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-lor-opencon06-8">[8]</a>

The difference between the two concepts is that OSH includes both the instructions on how to replicate the hardware itself as well as the information on communication protocols that the software (usually in the form of <a href="Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a>) must use in order to communicate with the hardware (often called register documentation, or open documentation for hardware<a href="#cite_note-opencon06-docs-7">[7]</a>), whereas open-source-friendly proprietary hardware would only include the latter without including the former.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

The first hardware-focused "<a href="Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a>" activities were started around 1997 by <a href="Bruce_Perens" title="Bruce Perens">Bruce Perens</a>, creator of the <a href="Open_Source_Definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Source Definition">Open Source Definition</a>, co-founder of the <a href="Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a>, and a <a href="Ham_radio_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Ham radio operator">ham radio operator</a>. He launched the Open Hardware Certification Program, which had the goal of allowing hardware manufacturers to self-certify their products as open.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

Shortly after the launch of the Open Hardware Certification Program, David Freeman announced the Open Hardware Specification Project (OHSpec), another attempt at licensing hardware components whose interfaces are available publicly and of creating an entirely new computing platform as an alternative to proprietary computing systems.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In early 1999, Sepehr Kiani, Ryan Vallance and Samir Nayfeh joined efforts to apply the open-source philosophy to machine design applications. Together they established the Open Design Foundation (ODF) <a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> as a non-profit corporation and set out to develop an <a href="Open_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Design">Open Design</a> Definition. However, most of these activities faded out after a few years.

A "Free Hardware" organization, known as FreeIO, was started in the late 1990s by Diehl Martin, who also launched a FreeIO website in early 2000. In the early to mid 2000s, FreeIO was a focus of free/open hardware designs released under the <a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>. The FreeIO project advocated the concept of Free Hardware and proposed four freedoms that such hardware provided to users, based on the similar freedoms provided by free software licenses.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The designs gained some notoriety due to Martin's naming scheme in which each free hardware project was given the name of a breakfast food such as Donut, Flapjack, Toast, etc. Martin's projects attracted a variety of hardware and software developers as well as other volunteers. Development of new open hardware designs at FreeIO ended in 2007 when Martin died of pancreatic cancer but the existing designs remain available from the organization's website.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

By the mid 2000s open-source hardware again became a hub of activity due to the emergence of several major open-source hardware projects and companies, such as <a href="OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a>, <a href="RepRap" title="RepRap">RepRap</a> (<a href="3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a>), <a href="Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a>, <a href="Adafruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Adafruit">Adafruit</a>, <a href="SparkFun" class="mw-redirect" title="SparkFun">SparkFun</a>, and <a href="Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a>. In 2007, Perens reactivated the openhardware.org website, but it's currently (February 2025) inactive.

Following the <a href="Open_Graphics_Project" title="Open Graphics Project">Open Graphics Project</a>, an effort to design, implement, and manufacture a free and open 3D graphics chip set and reference graphics card, Timothy Miller suggested the creation of an organization to safeguard the interests of the Open Graphics Project community. Thus, Patrick McNamara founded the <a href="Open_Hardware_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Hardware Foundation">Open Hardware Foundation</a> (OHF) in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

The <a href="Tucson_Amateur_Packet_Radio_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tucson Amateur Packet Radio Corporation">Tucson Amateur Packet Radio Corporation</a> (TAPR), founded in 1982 as a non-profit organization of amateur radio operators with the goals of supporting R&D efforts in the area of amateur digital communications, created in 2007 the first open hardware license, the <a href="TAPR_Open_Hardware_License" title="TAPR Open Hardware License">TAPR Open Hardware License</a>. The <a href="Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">OSI</a> president <a href="Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Eric S. Raymond</a> expressed some concerns about certain aspects of the OHL and decided to not review the license.<a href="#cite_note-ars-16">[16]</a>

Around 2010 in context of the <a href="Freedom_Defined" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom Defined">Freedom Defined</a> project, the Open Hardware Definition was created as collaborative work of many<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and is accepted as of 2016 by dozens of organizations and companies.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

In July 2011, CERN (<a href="European_Organization_for_Nuclear_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organization for Nuclear Research">European Organization for Nuclear Research</a>) released an open-source hardware license, <a href="CERN_OHL" class="mw-redirect" title="CERN OHL">CERN OHL</a>. Javier Serrano, an engineer at CERN's Beams Department and the founder of the Open Hardware Repository, explained: "By sharing designs openly, CERN expects to improve the quality of designs through peer review and to guarantee their users – including commercial companies – the freedom to study, modify and manufacture them, leading to better hardware and less duplication of efforts".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> While initially drafted to address CERN-specific concerns, such as tracing the impact of the organization's research, in its current form it can be used by anyone developing open-source hardware.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>

Following the 2011 Open Hardware Summit, and after heated debates on licenses and what constitutes open-source hardware, Bruce Perens abandoned the OSHW Definition and the concerted efforts of those involved with it.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Openhardware.org, led by Bruce Perens, promotes and identifies practices that meet all the combined requirements of the Open Source Hardware Definition, the Open Source Definition, and the Four Freedoms of the <a href="Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Since 2014 openhardware.org is not online and seems to have ceased activity.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

The <a href="Open_Source_Hardware_Association" title="Open Source Hardware Association">Open Source Hardware Association</a> (OSHWA) at oshwa.org acts as hub of open-source hardware activity of all genres, while cooperating with other entities such as TAPR, CERN, and OSI. The OSHWA was established as an organization in June 2012 in Delaware and filed for tax exemption status in July 2013.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> After some debates about trademark interferences with the OSI, in 2012 the OSHWA and the OSI signed a co-existence agreement.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

The <a href="FOSSi_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="FOSSi Foundation">FOSSi Foundation</a> is founded in 2015 as a <a href="UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>-based non-profit to promote and protect the open source silicon chip movement, roughly a year after the official release of <a href="RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a> architecture.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

The <a href="Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> has suggested an alternative "free hardware" definition derived from the <a href="Four_Freedoms_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Freedoms (software)">Four Freedoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wiredrms-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms_of_open-source_hardware">Forms of open-source hardware</h2></div>

The term hardware in open-source hardware has been historically used in opposition to the term software of open-source software. That is, to refer to the electronic hardware on which the software runs (see previous section). However, as more and more non-electronic hardware products are made open source (for example <a href="WikiHouse" title="WikiHouse">WikiHouse</a>, OpenBeam or Hovalin), this term tends to be used back in its broader sense of "physical product". The field of open-source hardware has been shown to go beyond electronic hardware and to cover a larger range of product categories such as machine tools, vehicles and medical equipment.<a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[30]</a> In that sense, hardware refers to any form of tangible product, be it electronic hardware, mechanical hardware, textile or even construction hardware. The Open Source Hardware (OSHW) Definition 1.0 defines hardware as "tangible artifacts — machines, devices, or other physical things".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronics">Electronics</h3></div>

Electronics is one of the most popular types of open-source hardware. <a href="Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">PCB</a> based designs can be published similarly to software as CAD files, which users can send directly to PCB fabrication companies to receive hardware in the mail. Alternatively, users can obtain components and solder them together themselves.

There are many companies that provide large varieties of open-source electronics such as <a href="Sparkfun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sparkfun">Sparkfun</a>, <a href="Adafruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Adafruit">Adafruit</a>, and Seeed. In addition, there are <a href="Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">NPOs</a> and companies that provide a specific open-source electronic component such as the <a href="Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a> electronics prototyping platform. There are many examples of specialty open-source electronics such as low-cost voltage and current <a href="Gas_metal_arc_welding" title="Gas metal arc welding">GMAW</a> open-source 3-D printer monitor<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> and a robotics-assisted <a href="Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a> assay platform.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Open-source electronics finds various uses, including automation of chemical procedures.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chip_design">Chip design</h3></div>

Open Standard chip designs are now common. <a href="OpenRISC" title="OpenRISC">OpenRISC</a> (2000 - LGPL / GPL), <a href="OpenSparc" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenSparc">OpenSparc</a> (2005 - GPLv2), and <a href="RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a> (2010 - Open Standard, free to implement for non-commercial purposes), are examples of free to use <a href="Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">instruction set architecture</a>.

<a href="OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a> is a large library of standard chip design subcomponents which can be combined into larger designs.

Complete open source software stacks and shuttle fabrication services are now available which can take OSH chip designs from <a href="Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">hardware description languages</a> to masks and <a href="ASIC" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIC">ASIC</a> fabrication on maker-scale budgets.<a href="#cite_note-Jurkans2024-38">[38]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanics">Mechanics</h3></div>

Purely mechanical OSH designs include mechanical components, machine tools, and vehicles. <a href="Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a> is a large project which seeks to develop a complete ecosystem of mechanical tools and components which aim to be able to replicate themselves.

Open-source vehicles have also been developed including bicycles like XYZ Space Frame Vehicles and cars such as the Tabby OSVehicle.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</h3></div>

Most OSH systems combine elements of electronics and mechanics to form <a href="Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">mechatronics</a> systems. A large range of open-source <a href="Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">mechatronic</a> products have been developed, including machine tools, musical instruments, and medical equipment.<a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[30]</a>

Examples of open-source machine tools include 3D printers such as <a href="RepRap_project" class="mw-redirect" title="RepRap project">RepRap</a>, <a href="Prusa_Research" title="Prusa Research">Prusa</a>, and <a href="Ultimaker" title="Ultimaker">Ultimaker</a>, 3D printer filament extruders such as polystruder<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> XR PRO as well as the laser cutter <a href="Lasersaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasersaur">Lasersaur</a>.

Examples of open source medical equipment include <a href="Open-source_ventilator" title="Open-source ventilator">open-source ventilators</a>, the echostethoscope echOpen (co-founded by <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Benchoufi" class="extiw external" title="fr:Mehdi Benchoufi">Mehdi Benchoufi</a>, Olivier de Fresnoye, Pierre Bourrier and Luc Jonveaux<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>), and a wide range of prosthetic hands listed in the review study by Ten Kate et.al.<a href="#cite_note-Review_3D-Printed_Prosthetic_Hands-41">[41]</a> (e.g. OpenBionics' Prosthetic Hands).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robotics">Robotics</h3></div>

<a href="Open_source_robotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source robotics">Open source robotics</a> combines open source hardware mechatronics with open source AI and control software. Due to the mixture of hardware and software it serves as a particularly active area for open source ideas to move between them.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div>

Examples of open-source hardware products can also be found to a lesser extent in construction (Wikihouse), textile (Kit Zéro Kilomètres), and firearms (<a href="3D_printed_firearm" class="mw-redirect" title="3D printed firearm">3D printed firearm</a>, <a href="Defense_Distributed" title="Defense Distributed">Defense Distributed</a>).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licenses">Licenses</h2></div>

Rather than creating a new license, some open-source hardware projects use existing, <a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> licenses.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> These licenses may not accord well with <a href="Patent_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent law">patent law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>

Later, several new licenses were proposed, designed to address issues specific to hardware design.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In these licenses, many of the fundamental principles expressed in open-source software (OSS) licenses have been "ported" to their counterpart hardware projects. New hardware licenses are often explained as the "hardware equivalent" of a well-known OSS license, such as the <a href="GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPL</a>, <a href="LGPL" class="mw-redirect" title="LGPL">LGPL</a>, or <a href="BSD_license" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD license">BSD license</a>.

Despite superficial similarities to <a href="Software_license" title="Software license">software licenses</a>, most hardware licenses are fundamentally different: by nature, they typically rely more heavily on <a href="Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> law than on <a href="Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> law, as many hardware designs are not copyrightable.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Whereas a copyright license may control the distribution of the source code or design documents, a patent license may control the use and manufacturing of the physical device built from the design documents. This distinction is explicitly mentioned in the preamble of the <a href="TAPR_Open_Hardware_License" title="TAPR Open Hardware License">TAPR Open Hardware License</a>:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"... those who benefit from an OHL design may not bring lawsuits claiming that design infringes their patents or other intellectual property."</blockquote><div class="templatequotecite">— TAPR Open Hardware License<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></div>

Noteworthy licenses include:

<ul><li>The <a href="TAPR_Open_Hardware_License" title="TAPR Open Hardware License">TAPR Open Hardware License</a>: drafted by attorney John Ackermann, reviewed by OSS community leaders <a href="Bruce_Perens" title="Bruce Perens">Bruce Perens</a> and <a href="Eric_S._Raymond" title="Eric S. Raymond">Eric S. Raymond</a>, and discussed by hundreds of volunteers in an open community discussion<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-ars-16">[16]</a></li>

<li>Balloon Open Hardware License: used by all projects in the Balloon Project</li>

<li>Although originally a software license, <a href="OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a> encourages the <a href="LGPL" class="mw-redirect" title="LGPL">LGPL</a></li>

<li>Hardware Design Public License: written by Graham Seaman, admin of Opencollector.org</li>

<li>In March 2011 <a href="CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> released the <a href="CERN_Open_Hardware_License" class="mw-redirect" title="CERN Open Hardware License">CERN Open Hardware License</a> (OHL)<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> intended for use with the Open Hardware Repository<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> and other projects.</li>

<li>The Solderpad License<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> is a version of the <a href="Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a> version 2.0, amended by lawyer Andrew Katz to render it more appropriate for hardware use.</li></ul>

The Open Source Hardware Association recommends seven licenses which follow their open-source hardware definition.<a href="#cite_note-defintion-51">[51]</a> From the general copyleft licenses the <a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> (GPL) and <a href="Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a> license, from the hardware-specific copyleft licenses the <a href="CERN_Open_Hardware_License" class="mw-redirect" title="CERN Open Hardware License">CERN Open Hardware License</a> (OHL) and <a href="TAPR_Open_Hardware_License" title="TAPR Open Hardware License">TAPR Open Hardware License</a> (OHL) and from the <a href="Permissive_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Permissive license">permissive licenses</a> the <a href="FreeBSD_license" class="mw-redirect" title="FreeBSD license">FreeBSD license</a>, the <a href="MIT_license" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT license">MIT license</a>, and the <a href="Creative_Commons_Attribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Creative Commons Attribution">Creative Commons Attribution</a> license.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Openhardware.org recommended in 2012 the TAPR Open Hardware License, Creative Commons BY-SA 3.0 and GPL 3.0 license.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>

Organizations tend to rally around a shared license. For example, <a href="OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a> prefers the <a href="LGPL" class="mw-redirect" title="LGPL">LGPL</a> or a <a href="BSD_licenses#3-clause_license_.28.22New_BSD_License.22_or_.22Modified_BSD_License.22.29" title="BSD licenses">Modified BSD License</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> FreeCores insists on the <a href="GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPL</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="Open_Hardware_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Hardware Foundation">Open Hardware Foundation</a> promotes "<a href="Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> or other permissive licenses",<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> the <a href="Open_Graphics_Project" title="Open Graphics Project">Open Graphics Project</a> uses<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> a variety of licenses, including the <a href="MIT_license" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT license">MIT license</a>, <a href="GPL" class="mw-redirect" title="GPL">GPL</a>, and a proprietary license,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and the Balloon Project wrote their own license.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2></div>

The adjective "open-source" not only refers to a specific set of freedoms applying to a product, but also generally presupposes that the product is the object or the result of a "process that relies on the contributions of geographically dispersed developers via the <a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>."<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In practice however, in both fields of open-source hardware and open-source software, products may either be the result of a development process performed by a closed team in a private setting or by a community in a public environment, the first case being more frequent than the second which is more challenging.<a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[30]</a> Establishing a community-based product development process faces several challenges such as: to find appropriate product data management tools, document not only the product but also the development process itself, accepting losing ubiquitous control over the project, ensure continuity in a context of fickle participation of voluntary project members, among others.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>

One of the major differences between developing open-source software and developing open-source hardware is that hardware results in tangible outputs, which cost money to prototype and manufacture. As a result, the phrase "free as in speech, not as in beer",<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> more-formally known as <a href="Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">gratis versus libre</a>, distinguishes between the idea of zero cost and the freedom to use and modify information. While open-source hardware faces challenges in minimizing cost and reducing financial risks for individual project developers, some community members have proposed models to address these needs<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Given this, there are initiatives to develop sustainable community funding mechanisms, such as the Open Source Hardware Central Bank.

Extensive discussion has taken place on ways to make open-source hardware as accessible as <a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a>. Providing clear and detailed product documentation is an essential factor facilitating product replication and collaboration in hardware development projects. Practical guides have been developed to help practitioners to do so.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Another option is to design products so they are easy to replicate, as exemplified in the concept of <a href="Open-source_appropriate_technology" title="Open-source appropriate technology">open-source appropriate technology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>

The process of developing open-source hardware in a community-based setting is alternatively called <a href="Open_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Open design">open design</a>, open source development<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> or <a href="Open_source_product_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source product development">open source product development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> All these terms are examples of the <a href="Open-source_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">open-source model</a> applicable for the development of any product, including software, hardware, cultural and educational. Does open design and open-source hardware design process involves new design practices, or raises requirements for new tools? is the question of openness really key in OSH?.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> See <a href="Open_source_product_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source product development">here</a> for a delineation of these terms.

A major contributor to the production of open-source hardware product designs is the scientific community. There has been considerable work to produce open-source hardware for scientific hardware using a combination of open-source electronics and <a href="3-D_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="3-D printing">3-D printing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Other sources of open-source hardware production are vendors of chips and other electronic components sponsoring contests with the provision that the participants and winners must share their designs. Circuit Cellar magazine organizes some of these contests.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open-source_labs">Open-source labs</h2></div>

A guide has been published (<a href="Open-Source_Lab_(book)" title="Open-Source Lab (book)">Open-Source Lab (book)</a> by <a href="Joshua_Pearce" title="Joshua Pearce">Joshua Pearce</a>) on using <a href="Open-source_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source electronics">open-source electronics</a> and <a href="3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a> to make <a href="Open-Source_Lab_(book)" title="Open-Source Lab (book)">open-source labs</a>. Today, scientists are creating many such labs. Examples include:

<ul><li><a href="Boston_Open_Source_Science_Laboratory" title="Boston Open Source Science Laboratory">Boston Open Source Science Laboratory</a>, Somerville, Massachusetts</li>

<li>BYU Open Source Lab, <a href="Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li>

<li><a href="Michigan_Tech" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan Tech">Michigan Tech</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Tsing_Hua_University" title="National Tsing Hua University">National Tsing Hua University</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li>

<li><a href="OSU_Open_Source_Lab" class="mw-redirect" title="OSU Open Source Lab">OSU Open Source Lab</a>, <a href="Oregon_State_University" title="Oregon State University">Oregon State University</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Source_Research_Lab" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Source Research Lab">Open Source Research Lab</a>, <a href="University_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas">University of Texas</a> at El Paso</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_models">Business models</h2></div>

Open hardware companies are experimenting with <a href="Business_model" title="Business model">business models</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> For example, <a href="LittleBits" title="LittleBits">littleBits</a> implements <a href="Business_models_for_open-source_software" title="Business models for open-source software">open-source business models</a> by making available the circuit designs in each electronics module, in accordance with the <a href="CERN_Open_Hardware_Licence" title="CERN Open Hardware Licence">CERN Open Hardware License Version</a> 1.2.<a href="#cite_note-littleBits_April_2015-76">[76]</a> Another example is <a href="Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a>, which registered its name as a <a href="Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a>; others may manufacture products from Arduino designs but cannot call the products Arduino products.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> There are many applicable business models for implementing some open-source hardware even in traditional firms. For example, to accelerate development and technical innovation, the <a href="Photovoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic">photovoltaic</a> industry has experimented with partnerships, franchises, secondary supplier and completely open-source models.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>

Recently, many open-source hardware projects have been funded via <a href="Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">crowdfunding</a> on platforms such as <a href="Indiegogo" title="Indiegogo">Indiegogo</a>, <a href="Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a>, or <a href="Crowd_Supply" title="Crowd Supply">Crowd Supply</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_impact">Reception and impact</h2></div>

<a href="Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, the founder of the <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> movement, was in 1999 skeptical on the idea and relevance of free hardware (his terminology for what is now known as open-source hardware).<a href="#cite_note-linuxlicense-80">[80]</a> In a 2015 article in <a href="Wired_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired (website)">Wired</a> Magazine, he modified this attitude; he acknowledged the importance of free hardware, but still saw no ethical parallel with free software.<a href="#cite_note-wiredrms-28">[28]</a> Also, Stallman prefers the term free hardware design over open source hardware, a request which is consistent with his earlier rejection of the term <a href="Open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source software">open source software</a> (see also <a href="Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a>).<a href="#cite_note-wiredrms-28">[28]</a>

Other authors, such as Professor <a href="Joshua_Pearce" title="Joshua Pearce">Joshua Pearce</a> have argued there is an ethical imperative for open-source hardware – specifically with respect to <a href="Open-source_appropriate_technology" title="Open-source appropriate technology">open-source appropriate technology</a> for <a href="Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In 2014, he also wrote the book <a href="Open-Source_Lab_(book)" title="Open-Source Lab (book)">Open-Source Lab: How to Build Your Own Hardware and Reduce Research Costs</a>, which details the development of <a href="Free_and_open-source_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and open-source hardware">free and open-source hardware</a> primarily for <a href="Scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientists">scientists</a> and university <a href="Faculty_(academic_staff)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty (academic staff)">faculty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Pearce in partnership with Elsevier introduced a scientific journal <a href="HardwareX" title="HardwareX">HardwareX</a>. It has featured many examples of applications of open-source hardware for scientific purposes.

Further, Vasilis Kostakis et al<a href="#cite_note-auto-83">[83]</a> have argued that open-source hardware may promote values of equity, diversity and sustainability. Open-source hardware initiative transcend traditional dichotomies of global-local, urban-rural, and developed-developing contexts. They may leverage cultural differences, environmental conditions, and local needs/resources, while embracing hyper-connectivity, to foster sustainability and collaboration rather than conflict.<a href="#cite_note-auto-83">[83]</a> However, open-source hardware does face some challenges and contradictions. It must navigate tensions between inclusiveness, standardization, and functionality.<a href="#cite_note-auto-83">[83]</a> Additionally, while open-source hardware may reduce pressure on natural resources and local populations, it still relies on energy- and material-intensive infrastructures, such as the Internet. Despite these complexities, Kostakis et al argue, the open-source hardware framework can serve as a catalyst for connecting and unifying diverse local initiatives under radical narratives, thus inspiring genuine change.<a href="#cite_note-auto-83">[83]</a>

OSH has grown as an academic field through the two journals <a href="Journal_of_Open_Hardware" title="Journal of Open Hardware">Journal of Open Hardware</a> (JOH) and <a href="HardwareX" title="HardwareX">HardwareX</a>. These journals compete to publish the best OSH designs, and each define their own requirements for what constitutes acceptable quality of design documents, including specific requirements for build instructions, bill of materials, CAD files, and licences. These requirements are often used by other OSH projects to define how to do an OSH release. These journals also publish papers contributing to the debate about how OSH should be defined and used.

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<ul><li><a href="Computer_numeric_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer numeric control">Computer numeric control</a> (CNC)</li>

<li><a href="Hardware_backdoor" title="Hardware backdoor">Hardware backdoor</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open-source_hardware_projects" title="List of open-source hardware projects">List of open-source hardware projects</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open-source_mobile_phones" title="List of open-source mobile phones">List of open-source mobile phones</a></li>

<li><a href="NVDLA" title="NVDLA">NVDLA</a> (NVIDIA Deep Learning Accelerator)</li>

<li><a href="Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Open-source robotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_innovation" title="Open innovation">Open innovation</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_manufacturing" title="Open manufacturing">Open manufacturing</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Rapid_prototyping" title="Rapid prototyping">Rapid prototyping</a></li>

<li><a href="Reuse" title="Reuse">Reuse</a></li>

<li><a href="RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a>, an open-source computer instruction set architecture</li>

<li><a href="Simputer" title="Simputer">Simputer</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Building Open Source Hardware: DIY Manufacturing for Hackers and Makers by Alicia Gibb, Addison Wesley, 7 Dec. 2014, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0321906047</bdi></li>

<li>Open Source Hardware Technology Paperback by Fouad Soliman, Sanaa A. Kamh, Karima A. Mahmoud, Publisher : Lap Lambert Academic Publishing, 24 Mar. 2020, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>6202516399</bdi></li>

<li>Open-Source Lab: How to Build Your Own Hardware and Reduce Research Costs by Joshua M. Pearce, Elsevier, 17 Dec. 2013, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0124104622</bdi></li></ul>

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<li><a href="Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">Refrigerator</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotic_vacuum_cleaner" title="Robotic vacuum cleaner">Robotic vacuum cleaner</a></li>

<li><a href="Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet</a></li>

<li><a href="Telephone" title="Telephone">Telephone</a></li>

<li><a href="Television" title="Television">Television</a></li>

<li><a href="Tankless_water_heating" title="Tankless water heating">Water heater</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game console</a></li>

<li><a href="Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Audio_equipment" title="Audio equipment">Audio equipment</a></li>

<li><a href="Automotive_electronics" title="Automotive electronics">Automotive electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionics</a></li>

<li><a href="Control_system" title="Control system">Control system</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_acquisition" title="Data acquisition">Data acquisition</a></li>

<li><a href="EHealth" title="EHealth">e-health</a></li>

<li><a href="Electromagnetic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic warfare">Electromagnetic warfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">Electronics industry</a></li>

<li><a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_automation" title="Home automation">Home automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">Consumer electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Major_appliance" title="Major appliance">Major appliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Small_appliance" title="Small appliance">Small appliance</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Marine_electronics" title="Marine electronics">Marine electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Microwave" title="Microwave">Microwave</a> technology</li>

<li><a href="Military" title="Military">Military</a> electronics</li>

<li><a href="Multimedia" title="Multimedia">Multimedia</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_electronics" title="Nuclear electronics">Nuclear electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a> and <a href="Radio_navigation" title="Radio navigation">Radio navigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio-frequency_engineering" title="Radio-frequency engineering">Radio electronics</a></li>

<li><a href="Terahertz_radiation" title="Terahertz radiation">Terahertz technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Wire" title="Wire">Wired</a> and <a href="Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless</a> Communications</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(non-Android)_Linux-powered_devices156" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="(non-Android)_Linux-powered_devices156" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(non-Android) <a href="Linux-powered_device" title="Linux-powered device">Linux-powered devices</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computers, components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nettops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Lemote" title="Lemote">Lemote</a></li>

<li><a href="Linutop" title="Linutop">Linutop</a></li>

<li><a href="ThinCan" title="ThinCan">ThinCan</a></li>

<li><a href="Zonbu" title="Zonbu">Zonbu</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netbooks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acer_Aspire_One" title="Acer Aspire One">Acer Aspire One</a></li>

<li><a href="MSI_Wind_Netbook" title="MSI Wind Netbook">Averatec Buddy</a></li>

<li><a href="Classmate_PC" title="Classmate PC">Classmate PC</a></li>

<li><a href="CloudBook" title="CloudBook">CloudBook</a></li>

<li><a href="Elonex_ONE" title="Elonex ONE">Elonex ONE</a>/<a href="Elonex_ONEt" title="Elonex ONEt">ONEt</a></li>

<li><a href="Gigabyte_M912" title="Gigabyte M912">Gigabyte M912</a></li>

<li><a href="Dell_Inspiron_Mini_Series#9_Series" title="Dell Inspiron Mini Series">Inspiron Mini</a></li>

<li><a href="NanoBook" title="NanoBook">NanoBook</a></li>

<li><a href="Noahpad" title="Noahpad">Noahpad</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinebook" title="Pinebook">Pinebook</a></li>

<li><a href="VIA_OpenBook" title="VIA OpenBook">OpenBook</a></li>

<li><a href="Skytone_Alpha-400" title="Skytone Alpha-400">Skytone Alpha-400</a></li>

<li><a href="Tianhua_GX-1C" title="Tianhua GX-1C">Tianhua GX-1C</a></li>

<li>GNU/Linux Open Hardware PowerPC notebook</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tablets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aakash_(tablet)" title="Aakash (tablet)">Aakash</a></li>

<li><a href="JooJoo" title="JooJoo">JooJoo</a></li>

<li><a href="LeapPad_Explorer" title="LeapPad Explorer">LeapPad Explorer</a></li>

<li><a href="Librem" title="Librem">Librem</a></li>

<li><a href="PineTab" title="PineTab">PineTab</a></li>

<li><a href="WeTab" title="WeTab">WeTab</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Networking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Asus_routers" title="List of Asus routers">Asus Routers</a></li>

<li><a href="Buffalo_AirStation" title="Buffalo AirStation">Buffalo AirStation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sierra_Wireless" title="Sierra Wireless">Junxion Box</a></li>

<li><a href="Linksys_WRT54G_series" title="Linksys WRT54G series">Linksys WRT54G series</a></li>

<li><a href="Netgear_DG834_(series)" title="Netgear DG834 (series)">Netgear DG834G</a></li>

<li><a href="Picotux" title="Picotux">Picotux</a></li>

<li><a href="Killer_NIC" title="Killer NIC">Killer NIC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Buffalo_network-attached_storage_series" title="Buffalo network-attached storage series">Buffalo LinkStation / TeraStation</a></li>

<li><a href="Drobo" title="Drobo">Drobo</a></li>

<li><a href="NSLU2" title="NSLU2">Linksys NSLU2</a></li>

<li><a href="Synology_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Synology Inc.">Synology Inc.</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BeagleBoard" title="BeagleBoard">BeagleBoard</a></li>

<li><a href="Chumby" title="Chumby">Chumby</a></li>

<li><a href="DragonBox_Pyra" title="DragonBox Pyra">DragonBox Pyra</a></li>

<li><a href="Gumstix" title="Gumstix">Gumstix</a></li>

<li><a href="Librem" title="Librem">Librem</a></li>

<li><a href="Drive_PX-series" class="mw-redirect" title="Drive PX-series">Nvidia Drive</a></li>

<li><a href="Nvidia_Jetson" title="Nvidia Jetson">Nvidia Jetson</a></li>

<li><a href="Palm_Foleo" title="Palm Foleo">Palm Foleo</a></li>

<li><a href="Pandora_(console)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandora (console)">Pandora</a></li>

<li><a href="Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a></li>

<li><a href="SheevaPlug" title="SheevaPlug">SheevaPlug</a></li>

<li><a href="Stanley_(vehicle)" title="Stanley (vehicle)">Stanley</a></li>

<li><a href="Asus_Tinker_Board" title="Asus Tinker Board">Asus Tinker Board</a></li>

<li><a href="IBM_LinuxONE" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM LinuxONE">IBM LinuxONE</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Dreambox" title="Dreambox">Dreambox</a></li>

<li><a href="Hauppauge_MediaMVP" title="Hauppauge MediaMVP">Hauppauge MediaMVP</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuros_Technology#Neuros_OSD" title="Neuros Technology">Neuros OSD</a></li>

<li><a href="Roku" title="Roku">Roku Digital Video Player</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonos" title="Sonos">Sonos</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handhelds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agenda_VR3" title="Agenda VR3">Agenda VR3</a></li>

<li><a href="Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindle</a></li>

<li><a href="Archos_PMA400" title="Archos PMA400">Archos PMA400</a></li>

<li><a href="ILiad" title="ILiad">ILiad</a></li>

<li><a href="Leapster_Explorer" title="Leapster Explorer">Leapster Explorer</a></li>

<li><a href="Nokia_770_Internet_Tablet" title="Nokia 770 Internet Tablet">Nokia 770</a> / <a href="Nokia_N800" title="Nokia N800">N800</a> / <a href="Nokia_N810" title="Nokia N810">N810</a> / <a href="Nokia_N900" title="Nokia N900">N900</a></li>

<li><a href="Pepper_Pad" title="Pepper Pad">Pepper Pad</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharp_Zaurus" title="Sharp Zaurus">Zaurus</a></li>

<li><a href="Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Sony Reader</a></li>

<li><a href="Zipit_wireless_messenger_(Z2)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zipit wireless messenger (Z2)">Zipit</a></li>

<li><a href="Ben_NanoNote" title="Ben NanoNote">Ben NanoNote</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phones✝</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jolla_(smartphone)" title="Jolla (smartphone)">Jolla</a></li>

<li><a href="Motorola_A1200" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola A1200">Motorola A1200</a> / A1210 / <a href="Motorola_A1600" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola A1600">A1600</a> / <a href="Motorola_A760" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola A760">A760</a> / E680i / <a href="Motorola_MOTO" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola MOTO">MOTO</a> VE66 / <a href="Motorola_PEBL" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola PEBL">PEBL</a> U9 / <a href="Motorola_Razr2" title="Motorola Razr2">RAZR2</a> V8 / <a href="Motorola_ROKR" title="Motorola ROKR">ROKR</a> E2 / E6 / E8 / EM30 / EM35 / Z6 / <a href="Motorola_ZINE" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola ZINE">ZINE</a> ZN5 / ZN200</li>

<li><a href="Neo_1973" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo 1973">Neo 1973</a> / <a href="Neo_FreeRunner" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo FreeRunner">FreeRunner</a></li>

<li><a href="Nokia_N900" title="Nokia N900">Nokia N900</a> / <a href="Nokia_N950" title="Nokia N950">N950</a> / <a href="Nokia_N9" title="Nokia N9">N9</a></li>

<li>Samsung Vodafone 360 H1 / <a href="Vodafone_360_Samsung_M1" title="Vodafone 360 Samsung M1">Vodafone 360 M1</a></li>

<li><a href="Samsung_Wave_S8500" title="Samsung Wave S8500">Samsung Wave S8500</a> / <a href="Samsung_Wave_II_S8530" title="Samsung Wave II S8530">Wave II S8530</a> / <a href="Samsung_Wave_s8600" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung Wave s8600">Wave 3 S8600</a> / Wave 723 / <a href="Samsung_Wave_575" title="Samsung Wave 575">Wave 575</a> / <a href="Samsung_Wave_525" title="Samsung Wave 525">Wave 525</a> / <a href="Samsung_Wave_Y" title="Samsung Wave Y">Wave Y</a></li>

<li><a href="Samsung_Z1" title="Samsung Z1">Samsung Z1</a> / <a href="Samsung_Z2" title="Samsung Z2">Z2</a> / <a href="Samsung_Z3" title="Samsung Z3">Z3</a> / <a href="Samsung_Z4" title="Samsung Z4">Z4</a></li>

<li><a href="Librem_5" title="Librem 5">Librem 5</a></li>

<li><a href="PinePhone" title="PinePhone">PinePhone</a> / <a href="PinePhone_Pro" title="PinePhone Pro">Pro</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atari_VCS_(2021_console)" title="Atari VCS (2021 console)">Atari VCS</a></li>

<li><a href="Evercade_VS" title="Evercade VS">Evercade VS</a></li>

<li><a href="Intellivision_Amico" title="Intellivision Amico">Intellivision Amico</a></li>

<li><a href="NES_Classic_Edition" title="NES Classic Edition">NES Classic Edition</a></li>

<li><a href="Polymega" title="Polymega">Polymega</a></li>

<li><a href="Sega_Genesis_Mini" title="Sega Genesis Mini">Sega Genesis Mini</a></li>

<li><a href="SNES_Classic_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="SNES Classic Edition">SNES Classic Edition</a></li>

<li><a href="Steam_Machine_(computer)" title="Steam Machine (computer)">Steam Machine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handheld consoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Anbernic

<li><a href="Dingoo_A320" class="mw-redirect" title="Dingoo A320">Dingoo A320</a></li>

<li><a href="DragonBox_Pyra" title="DragonBox Pyra">DragonBox Pyra</a></li>

<li><a href="Evercade" title="Evercade">Evercade</a>

<li><a href="Super_Pocket" title="Super Pocket">Super Pocket</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Game_Gadget" title="Game Gadget">Game Gadget</a></li>

<li><a href="CAANOO" class="mw-redirect" title="CAANOO">CAANOO</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pandora_(console)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandora (console)">Pandora</a></li>

<li><a href="Steam_Deck" title="Steam Deck">Steam Deck</a></li>

<li><a href="LeapFrog_Didj" title="LeapFrog Didj">LeapFrog Didj</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cherrypal" title="Cherrypal">Cherrypal</a></li>

<li><a href="Simputer" title="Simputer">Simputer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>✝ Excluding <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> devices.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Intellectual_property_activism89" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Intellectual_property_activism89" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a> activism</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Artificial_scarcity" title="Artificial scarcity">Artificial scarcity</a></li>

<li><a href="Censorship_by_copyright" title="Censorship by copyright">Censorship by copyright</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">Copyright infringement</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_troll" title="Copyright troll">Copyright troll</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li>

<li><a href="Gripe_site" title="Gripe site">Gripe site</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">Legal aspects of file sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Mashup_(culture)" title="Mashup (culture)">Mashup</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">music</a></li>

<li><a href="Mashup_novel" title="Mashup novel">novel</a></li>

<li><a href="Mashup_(video)" title="Mashup (video)">videos</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Monopolies_of_knowledge" title="Monopolies of knowledge">Monopolies of knowledge</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_piracy" title="Music piracy">Music piracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Orphan_work" title="Orphan work">Orphan works</a></li>

<li><a href="Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Societal_views_on_patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Societal views on patents">Patents</a>

<ul><li><a href="Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">biological</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_patent" title="Software patent">software</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_patent_debate" title="Software patent debate">software patent debate</a></li>

<li><a href="Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">trolling</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="All_rights_reversed" title="All rights reversed">All rights reversed</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_alternatives" title="Copyright alternatives">Alternative compensation system</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-copyright_notice" title="Anti-copyright notice">Anti-copyright notice</a></li>

<li><a href="Business_models_for_open-source_software" title="Business models for open-source software">Business models for open-source software</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_use_of_copyleft_works" title="Commercial use of copyleft works">Commercial use of copyleft works</a></li>

<li><a href="Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_sell-through" title="Electronic sell-through">Electronic sell-through</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li>

<li><a href="Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Free-software license</a></li>

<li><a href="Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Libertarian positions</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li>

<li><a href="Patentleft" title="Patentleft">Open patent</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a>

<ul>

<li><a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">software</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Prizes_as_an_alternative_to_patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Prizes as an alternative to patents">Prizes instead of patents</a>

<ul><li><a href="Inducement_prize_contest" title="Inducement prize contest">contests</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Share-alike" title="Share-alike">Share-alike</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on demand</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Access_to_Knowledge_movement" title="Access to Knowledge movement">Access to Knowledge movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Anti-copyright</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-copyright</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Copyright_Alliance" title="Copyright Alliance">Copyright Alliance</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-copyleft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anna's_Archive" title="Anna's Archive">Anna's Archive</a></li>

<li><a href="Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_Genesis" title="Library Genesis">Library Genesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Rights_Group" title="Open Rights Group">Open Rights Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Organization_for_Transformative_Works" title="Organization for Transformative Works">Organization for Transformative Works</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Anarchist_Library" title="The Anarchist Library">The Anarchist Library</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a></li>

<li><a href="Piratbyr%C3%A5n" title="Piratbyrån">Piratbyrån</a></li>

<li><a href="Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_Knowledge" title="Public Knowledge">Public Knowledge</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">Shadow library</a></li>

<li><a href="Students_for_Free_Culture" title="Students for Free Culture">Students for Free Culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Z-Library" title="Z-Library">Z-Library</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Cory Doctorow</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li>

<li><a href="Rick_Falkvinge" title="Rick Falkvinge">Rick Falkvinge</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Sunde" title="Peter Sunde">Peter Sunde</a></li>

<li><a href="Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Steal_This_Film" title="Steal This Film">Steal This Film</a></li>

<li><a href="RiP!%3A_A_Remix_Manifesto" title="RiP!: A Remix Manifesto">RiP!: A Remix Manifesto</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Internet's_Own_Boy" title="The Internet's Own Boy">The Internet's Own Boy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_culture_and_open_content148" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Free_culture_and_open_content148" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free culture</a> and <a href="Free_content" title="Free content">open content</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li>

<li><a href="Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li>

<li><a href="Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_collaboration" title="Open collaboration">Open collaboration</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a></li>

<li><a href="Openness" title="Openness">Openness</a></li>

<li><a href="Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharism" title="Sharism">Sharism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Research and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">Citizen science</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_science" title="Open science">Open science</a>

<ul><li><a href="Open_access" title="Open access">Access</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Notebook science</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_research" title="Open research">Research</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_science_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Open science data">Science data</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Data, information, and knowledge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge commons</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_communication" title="Open communication">Open communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_knowledge" title="Open knowledge">Open knowledge</a>

<ul><li><a href="Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Content</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Communication and learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Collaborative_writing" title="Collaborative writing">Collaborative writing</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_media" title="Democratic media">Democratic media</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_publishing" title="Open publishing">Open publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Participatory_media" title="Participatory media">Participatory media</a></li>

<li><a href="Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Open_education" title="Open education">Open education</a>

<ul><li><a href="Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">educational resources</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_admissions" title="Open admissions">admissions</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-door_academic_policy" title="Open-door academic policy">open-door policy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_open_universities" title="List of open universities">List of open universities</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Journalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Citizen_media" title="Citizen media">Citizen media</a>

<ul><li><a href="Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen journalism</a> and <a href="Wiki_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki journalism">Wiki journalism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_journalism" title="Open-source journalism">Open-source journalism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a> (FOSS)

<ul><li><a href="Free_software" title="Free software">Free/libre software</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a>

<ul><li><a href="Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Robotics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Open_gaming" title="Open gaming">Open gaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_architecture" title="Open-source architecture">Open-source architecture</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Economic principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_innovation" title="Open innovation">Open innovation</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_patent" class="mw-redirect" title="Open patent">Open patent</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_standard" title="Open standard">Open standard</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Politics and governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Open_government" title="Open government">Open government</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_governance" title="Open-source governance">Open-source governance</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country" title="Freedom of information laws by country">Freedom of information laws by country</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Architecture_Network" title="Open Architecture Network">Open Architecture Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Energy_Modelling_Initiative" title="Open Energy Modelling Initiative">Openmod Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Rights_Group" title="Open Rights Group">Open Rights Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Web_Foundation" title="Open Web Foundation">Open Web Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Scholarly_Publishing_and_Academic_Resources_Coalition" title="Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition">SPARC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Murray-Rust" title="Peter Murray-Rust">Peter Murray-Rust</a></li>

<li><a href="Douglas_Rushkoff" title="Douglas Rushkoff">Douglas Rushkoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Sunde" title="Peter Sunde">Peter Sunde</a></li>

<li><a href="Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Wilbanks" title="John Wilbanks">John Wilbanks</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anna's_Archive" title="Anna's Archive">Anna's Archive</a></li>

<li><a href="Do-it-yourself_biology" title="Do-it-yourself biology">DIYbio</a></li>

<li><a href="Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_Genesis" title="Library Genesis">Library Genesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_science" title="Open science">Open science movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_software_movement" title="Open-source software movement">Open-source software movement</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenCores" title="OpenCores">OpenCores</a></li>

<li><a href="OpenWetWare" title="OpenWetWare">OpenWetWare</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Anarchist_Library" title="The Anarchist Library">The Anarchist Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Z-Library" title="Z-Library">Z-Library</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tools5" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">Licenses</a>

<ul><li><a href="Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li>

<li>Definition docs

<ul><li><a href="Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Free Cultural Works</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">Free Software</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">Open Source</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Open_Data_Indices" title="Open Data Indices">Open Data Indices</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_educational_resources" title="Open educational resources">Open educational resources</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Web">Open Web movement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-11" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Open-source_hardware&oldid=1300034203">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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